Criminal Documents

Your local, county or state law enforcement agencies may take your fingerprints for a fee. Also, some printing services offer this service (check the yellow pages in your telephone book).

A misdemeanor offense is charged for a relatively minor crime while more serious crimes are felonies. The difference between the two is often noted in the punishment given. Punishment for a felony carries more than a year imprisonment in a penitentiary, while those convicted of a misdemeanor often serve a year or less confinement, but not in a prison. Conviction of either a felony or misdemeanor may also carry fines or probation.

A "settlement" is generally associated with an agreement reached in a civil case by the parties involved. In a criminal case, a prosecutor may offer a "plea bargain" but it isn't required, nor can a defendant demand it. A plea bargain can be offered by the prosecutor and may include:

• A reduction in the seriousness of the charge
• An agreement to reduce the number of charges filed in return for a guilty plea, or cooperation with other cases

Not necessarily. Police and other law enforcement agents (such as the DEA or FBI) do not have the ability to make binding plea agreements or sentencing concessions. Only a prosecutor can make a binding promise that you'll not be charged with a crime or that you'll receive a lighter sentence if you cooperate, confess or agree to plead to lesser charges.

Police can tell you that they'll make your cooperation known to the prosecutor. They can tell you they'll recommend to the prosecutor that you receive a more lenient sentence or that all or some charges not be filed against you. But they can't make promises that are binding on a judge or a prosecutor.

If the police have made you such a promise, seek legal counsel in your area to confirm the promise with the prosecutor before you rely on it.

For all cases except murder, each criminal offense has its own statute of limitation. The time a prosecutor has to file a complaint varies widely from state to state.

Public defenders are paid by the state, as are district attorneys. But their functions and responsibilities are very different. The district attorney represents the citizens of his or her state in prosecuting crime. A public defender represents individuals who are charged with committing crimes. Once assigned to a case, a public defender's loyalties are undivided and lie with the accused person he or she represents.

The district attorney is the adversary of the public defender. But as many cases are resolved by plea bargains, which usually involve an offer made by the district attorney to counsel for the accused, it may seem like the public defender and district attorney work closely together. And it may well be that particular public defenders and district attorneys have a good working relationship, particularly if they're assigned to the same courtroom for months at a time.

But make no mistake about it: public defenders and district attorneys are not "in cahoots." Public defenders are as committed to their clients as are private criminal defense attorneys. On the whole, public defenders perform at least as well as private attorneys and for far less pay and often less glory.

Community service and probation are types of criminal sentences. You can only be sentenced after you've either pleaded guilty to a crime or been found guilty by a judge or jury.

If you pleaded guilty on a deferred judgment or sentence, a diversion program or a deferred adjudication, you won't have a permanent record once you successfully complete the terms of the probation or community service. At that point, the law for all practical purposes considers the guilty plea withdrawn as if it was never entered. There are, however, some circumstances in which you can still be penalized for it. For example, deferred sentences count as one point in computing your criminal history under federal sentencing guidelines.

If you pleaded guilty with no express conditions as to the deferment of the sentence or conviction, or if you were found guilty following a trial to the court or jury, you'll have a permanent record.

If you pleaded guilty and don't know whether it was pursuant to a deferred sentence type of arrangement, you can go to the courthouse where you entered your guilty plea and ask to see your file. There will be a docket sheet or other listing of court minutes inside, containing the terms of your plea and sentence, including whether the judgment was deferred.

• A second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal
• A second prosecution for the same offense after conviction
• Multiple punishments for the same offense

A single crime may contain multiple elements such as burglary, kidnapping and rape. Each element can be prosecuted via separate trials or jointly during the same trial without raising a double jeopardy situation. However, once the final judgment is reached with regard to each element, then double jeopardy typically would apply. If a case ends in a mistrial or hung jury, generally the case can be retried without causing a double jeopardy situation, as there was no final decision.

Generally, a preliminary hearing is a hearing at which the judge decides whether there is sufficient evidence to make you stand trial on the charges that have been filed against you. The judge's decision at a preliminary hearing is the equivalent of the decision that a grand jury would make in deciding whether to return an indictment against you. The prosecution must establish "probable cause" of two things: that a crime was committed and that you committed it. "Probable cause" is a low standard of proof. Think of it like "reason to believe." It doesn't rise anywhere near the level of "proof beyond a reasonable doubt" or even "preponderance of the evidence," which is the standard used in civil cases.

The rules of evidence are relaxed at preliminary hearings. Hearsay is allowed. Evidence comes in without consideration of whether it was legally collected.

Preliminary hearings are used in cases in which the prosecutor has filed the charges without going through the grand jury. If the grand jury has reviewed the case and returned an indictment, the "probable cause" determination has been made by then and no preliminary hearing is necessary.

In most states, it is at the arraignment, not the preliminary hearing, that a person enters a plea of guilty or not guilty. In some places, the arraignment occurs immediately after the preliminary hearing. In others, the arraignment is scheduled for a future date.

You're permitted to waive a preliminary hearing, and it's fairly common to do so. If you waive the hearing, you're not pleading guilty; you're just admitting that probable cause exists to make you stand trial on the charges. The waiver is sometimes accomplished by filling out a form in court. Oral questioning by the judge to make sure you understand you're giving up the right to have the hearing may also do it.

You should discuss any decision on whether to have or waive a preliminary hearing with a qualified criminal defense attorney.

An arraignment is a court hearing at which you enter a plea of guilty or not guilty to the charges that have been filed against you. If you're contesting the charges, your plea will be not guilty.

Assuming you've been granted bail after your arrest, it's unlikely bail would be revoked at your arraignment. Bail usually continues through trial or a guilty plea, and in most places through sentencing.

But it's possible the prosecutor would ask the judge to either increase or revoke your bail:

• If you violate the terms of your bond or commit another crime while on bail
• If the government receives information that you intend to flee before trial or that you lied about your prior criminal history in your bail application
• If more serious charges are filed against you while you're waiting for trial

In most, if not all, cases, you or your lawyer would be provided notice of the prosecutor's intent to request an increase in the amount of your bail or revoke bail, and you'd have an opportunity to contest the request at a hearing before any action is taken on your bond.